Beginning in 1878, Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning.
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The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age", and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times", at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Barbour later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to study the Bible. Pastor Russell, founder of the Watch Tower Society Their policies for handling cases of child sexual abuse have been the subject of various formal inquiries.
The Watch Tower Society has made various unfulfilled predictions about major biblical events such as Christ's Second Coming, the advent of God's Kingdom, and Armageddon. The organization has received criticism regarding biblical translation, doctrines, and alleged coercion of its members. Persistent legal challenges by Jehovah's Witnesses have influenced legislation related to civil rights in several countries. Consequently, some Jehovah's Witnesses have been persecuted and their activities are banned or restricted in some countries. The group's position regarding conscientious objection to military service and refusal to salute state symbols (like national anthems and flags) has brought it into conflict with some governments. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning, a last resort for what they consider serious offenses. They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "The Truth" and consider themselves to be "in the Truth". They prefer to use their own Bible translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other Bible translations.
They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines.
They consider the use of God's name vital for proper worship. Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions. Rutherford made significant organizational and doctrinal changes, including adoption of the name Jehovah's witnesses in 1931 to distinguish them from other Bible Student groups and symbolize a break with the legacy of Russell's traditions. A leadership dispute after Russell's death resulted in several groups breaking away, with Joseph Franklin Rutherford retaining control of the Watch Tower Society and its properties. The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell, who also co-founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 to organize and print the movement's publications. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.7 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 17 million. Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity.
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